A typical conventional implant consists of a titanium screw (which looks like the root of a tooth) with a rough or smooth surface. Most dental implants are made of commercially pure titanium, which is available in four grades depending on the amount of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and iron included. Cold titanium CP4 (max. impurities %N.05%, C.10%, H.015%, Fe.50%, and %O.40) is the most widely used titanium in implants. Grade 5 titanium, 6AL-4V titanium (refers to a titanium alloy containing 6% aluminum and 4% vanadium alloy) is harder than CP4 and is used mostly in industry for stud bolts.[23][24]
Zircon implant
Most modern dental implants also have a bonded surface (through etching, anodic oxidation, or media blasting) to increase the surface area and osseointegration potential of the implant. If C.P titanium or titanium alloys have more than 85% titanium content, they will form a surface biocompatible titanium oxide layer or crust surrounding other metals, preventing them from contacting bone.[25] Porcelain/ceramic (zirconia-based) implants exist in one-piece (combination of screw and abutment) or other two-piece systems—the abutment is either adhesive-secured or screw-on—some studies suggest may reduce the risk of peri-implant disease, but the data is long The extent to which success rates are unclear.[26][27]
