Medicine is a profession as old as man himself, as it was associated at its beginning with the works of magic, sorcery and quackery, in ancient times and primitive societies where it was practiced by priests and sorcerers. ) until the paradigm shift occurred in the time of the Greeks and Greece and the emergence of Hippocrates (one of the most famous doctors throughout history and the owner of the oath known by his name and committed to the ethics of the profession) and Galen and others and with the advent of Arab and Islamic civilization and the development of experimental scientific practice, medicine began to take the form known today through the works of great scientists and doctors such as Ibn Sina (the chief sheikh who was known as the first researcher in the field of psychiatry and the first to administer medicine through a syringe and many other things), Ibn al-Nafis (discoverer of the small blood circulation), al-Zahrawi, al-Razi and many others whose books and works were studied in various parts of the world until the seventeenth century .
Christian concepts of care and helping the sick also played a role in the development of medical ethics. Nestorian Christians established schools for translators, attached hospitals, and played an important role in transmitting medical knowledge into the Arabic language. Among the schools established by the Nestorians were Christian schools in Edessa, Nusaybin, Jund Yushapur, Antioch, and Alexandria. Philosophers, physicians, scientists, legislators, historians, and astronomers graduated there and contained a hospital, a laboratory, a translation house, a library, and an observatory. During the emergence of the Renaissance in Europe, various types of sciences developed under the leadership of the Church, especially medicine and anatomy.
During the Renaissance medical research and anatomy developed. In 1543, an illustrated book of anatomy was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-64), who was a professor at the University of Padua. With his culture based on extensive anatomy of human cadavers, he provided the first accurate description of the human body. Among the Padua anatomists were Gabriele Fallopio (1523-1562) who described the female genitalia, giving his name to the fallopian tube, and Geralmo Fabrizio (1537-1619), who defined the heart valves. Surgery was practiced mostly by barbers, who used the same tools for both trades. Surgery remained primitive and very painful in this era. Controversy continued over the management of wounds, and cauterization remained the main method of stopping bleeding. A sixteenth-century French surgeon, Ambrose Paré (circa 1510-1590), began to establish some systems. He translated the works of Vesalius into French to provide serious anatomical knowledge to battlefield surgeons. With extensive experience gained on the battlefield, he sutured wounds rather than cauterized them to stop bleeding during amputations. He substituted boiling oil for cauterizing gunshot wounds with an ointment of egg yolk, flower oil, and turpentine. His methods of treatment were not only more effective, but also more humane than those previously used. Another notable figure of this era was Paracelsus (1493-1541), a Swiss alchemist and physician. He believed that certain diseases were caused by specific external factors and so advocated for certain remedies. Invented the use of mineral and chemical treatments, including mercury, to treat syphilis. He also authored the oldest work on occupational medicine, which is the disease of miners and other diseases afflicted by miners. The science of medicine developed and jumped qualitatively during the industrial revolution, up to the present times, which led to major developments in all sciences, including medicine and philosophy.
