Periodontal sections

The gums are anatomically divided into marginal, continuous, and interdental regions as follows[edit]
The gums can be divided anatomically into free, adherent, and interdental. Classically, it is common to consider the oral mucosa that covers the insides of the cheeks and the vestibule and floor of the mouth as a mucous part of the gums, but this common confusion lacks precision.
Free or marginal gingiva (marginal gingiva)[edit]
It is the free gingival margin that surrounds the neck of the tooth like a shirt collar. In 50% of cases, it is separated from the adherent section of the gum by a shallow depression called the gingival furrow. Its classic width is about 1 mm. It forms the soft wall of the dental-gingival outlet. Loose gums can be easily removed from the tooth with a jet of compressed air or a periodontal probe.
The marginal gingiva is the edge of the gums surrounding the teeth in a collar-like fashion. In about half of the individuals, it is demarcated from the adjacent and attached gingiva by a shallow linear depression, the free gingival groove. This slight depression on the outer surface of the gingiva does not correspond to the depth of the gingival sulcus but instead to the apical border of the communicating epithelium. The depth of this outer groove varies with the area of the oral cavity. The groove is very prominent on the anterior part of the mandible and premolars.
The width of the marginal gingiva varies from 0.5 to 2.0 mm from the apex of the free gingiva to the attached gingiva. The marginal gingiva follows the scalloped pattern defined by the circumference of the cementum and cementum junction (CEJ) of the teeth. The marginal gingiva has a more translucent appearance than the attached gingiva, but has a similar clinical appearance, including pinkness, dullness, and firmness. In contrast, the marginal gingiva lacks the presence of stippling, and the tissue is mobile or devoid of the surface of the primary tooth, as can be demonstrated using a periodontal probe. The marginal gingiva is stabilized by gingival fibers, which have no bony support. The gingival margin, or free gingival apex, can also be seen in the most superficial part of the marginal gingiva, clinically, and its location should be recorded on the patient’s plan.[4]
Attached gingiva (attached gingiva)[edit]
They are identifiable with the free gingiva, resistant and rubbery in texture, and adherent tightly to the overlying periosteum of the alveolar bone. In health cases, its surface is somewhat grainy and gives an impression similar to an orange peel. As for its color, as is the case with free gums, it is revealing pink.
It is bordered in the coronal direction by the gingival furrow that separates it from the free gums, and it is bordered in the apical direction by the muco-gingival junction, which separates it from the oral mucosa.
The attached gingiva is continuous with the marginal gingiva. It is firm, flexible, and tightly attached to the underlying periosteum of the alveolar bone. The facial side extends from the attached gingiva into a relatively loose and movable alveolar mucosa, which is defined by the muco-gingival junction. Attached gums may appear with surface dripping. The texture when dried is dull, firm and immobile, with varying amounts of stippling. The width of the attached gingiva varies according to its location. The width of the attached gums on the face varies in different areas of the mouth. Generally it is largest in the incisor region (3.5 to 4.5 mm in the maxilla and 3.3 to 3.9 mm in the mandible) and smallest in the posterior parts, with the least width in the region of the first premolars (1.9 mm in the maxilla and 1.8 mm in the mandible). However, certain levels of adherent gingiva may be necessary to stabilize the primary root of the tooth.