A doctoral thesis at the College of Education for Humanities at the University of Karbala addressed the establishment and collapse of the Mongol state in light of Toynbee’s theory of challenge and response. The importance of the study comes from the fact that the Mongols’ movement and invasion of the Islamic world was marred by a lot of ambiguity, inaccuracy in conveying the facts, and lack of studies that dealt with it. The study aims to reveal some of the mysterious aspects of the Mongols’ invasion of the Islamic world, which were not highlighted or were deliberately hidden. The study included three chapters. The first chapter talked about the establishment and organization of the Mongol state and explained the elements of its religious, political and social success. The second chapter dealt with Toynbee’s philosophy of history. The third chapter dealt with the applied aspect of Toynbee’s theory on the Mongol movement and explained the reality of the Mongol challenge, its causes and consequences at the level of success and collapse. The study concluded that the Mongols are not the Tatars, but they belong to one element, which is the Turkish (Turanic) element, but their uncle was the Mongols after Genghis Khan was able to unite all of these tribes and impose his authority over them.
